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build up the machinery to maintain peace. The Soviet Union seams to maintain that existing ar- rangements are adequate and vigorously opposes the concept of an international force. ~ Fortunately we already have a strong founda- tion on which to build such peacekeeping ma- chinery. The United Nations was established for the purpose of maintaining international peace Our aim, accordingly, is s stronger United Na- tions. Perhaps the time is approaching when new efforts should be made toward making this Organization a more effective instrument for peace. Let me repeat—we have in the United Nations the structure on which to build. There is nothing wrong with the charter that good will could not cure. : We must also seek to accelerate the develop- ment of international law, looking toward the rule of law in the world. Certainly it would make a tremendous difference if states showed a fair- minded and careful regard for generally recog- nized legal rules. Far more use should be made of the International Court of Justice. Greater use should be made of advisory opinions. And further steps should be taken to extend the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court. In this connection may I say that I regret very much that it has not yet been possible to take the steps necessary to permit this Government to em- brace with complete fidelity the principle of com- pulsory jurisdiction. It would be a mistake to assume that, if the . point is reached where national armed forces have been reduced by mutual agreement to the militia level, the danger of aggression wil] have been auto- matically eliminated. There have been many cases in the past few years when frontiers were crossed and distinctly military actions were carried out by lightly armed forces. We are all too familiar with the pattern of indirect aggression and know that men armed with only light weapons—rifles, submachine guns, pistols, and hand grenades—can " promote civi) disorder and contribute to the over- throw of the government of a neighboring state. In the light of these present-day experiences it is clear that there would be need for an effective ° international force to help keep the peace and _ repel aggression in a world where national arma- ments have been substantially reduced. As we 824 have proposed in Geneva, such a force should operate within the framework of the United Na- tions, Without such a force = world fully dis- armed except for rifles, or, for that matter, sticks and stones, would still not adequately guarantee peace and security. The Soviets do not accept this concept. In an article published last fall—incidentally at about - - the game time the Soviet Union was putting forth its slogan of “general and complete” disarma- ment—Pravda warned against the creation of an international police force “armed to the teeth” which would be used for “suppressing peoples de- termined to change the social system in their countries.” We must consider seriously, even if the Com- munists choose not to, the anarchy and risks of aggression to which a disarmed world would be if there were not at the same time recog- nized rules of Jaw enforced by strong United Na- tions peacekeeping machinery. : 5 Nuclear Test Talks \ The differences in approach which I have briefly described on certain fundamental areas of the dis- armament problem suggest to you, T am sure, why our negotiators at Geneva fully realize that they have a Jong and difficult road ahead. Thus far, perhaps not unexpectedly, they have little reason to be encouraged by the Soviet attitude. But our efforts in the disarmament field cover abroad front: And we do find some reason for en- couragement. The atmosphere in an adjoining conference room at Geneva is cautiously optimis- - tic, I refer to the talks where American, British, — and Soviet delegations have been working for the past 18 months on an agreement looking toward & controlled ban on the testing of nuclear weapons. Here we have proposed that a treaty be con- cluded which would end all nuclear weapons tests where adequate controls can be agreed. This ” would exempt small underground explosions. However, we recently stated a willingness to agree to a temporary, voluntary moratorium on these small underground explosions where adequate con- trol is not now possible.* Such a moratorium, * For text of a Joint declaration by President Eisenhower and British Prime Minister Macmillan, see «bid., Apr. 18, 1960, p..587. Department of State Bulletin