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Memorandum to Mr. Tamm Re: EXTRASENSORY PERCEPTION 63-4036 ¢ Telepathy Tests: (1) Pure Telepathic Method: Wo cards used. Subject holds a random choice ESP symbol in mind. Recipient attempts to read sender's thoughts. (2} General ESP Test: Sender shuffles and cuts ESP deck, Concentrates on face of successive cards while receiver attempts to read sender's mind, and so on through the deck, (3) Distant Telepathy Test: Above tests conducted at distances of several rooms or miles. Precognition Tests: Subject makes guesses with intention to have them correspond to order of ESP deck after it is shuffled by experiments, Also subject may decide beforehand which face of a die or combination of dice faces he desires to appear in successive casts. The scientific criticism of ESP experiments emphasizes several factors which have led to considerable false evidence for extra chance scores using the above methods: (1) Possibility of unconscious and other sensory cues. (2) Choices made are dictated by mental habits of subjects and not by random chance. (3) Errors due to suggestibility of experimenter in recording results of guesses. - (4) Criticism of statistical methods; although it is generally agreed that the statistical methods properly applied are valid. COMMENT : In general, belief in extrasensory perception has gained little acceptance by informed scientists, Thus, replies to questions sent to members ‘of the American Psychological Association recorded only 3