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ee aaediedoeie THE TECHKNIQUES OF S0VIET PROPAGANDA - 2 political action culminates in an attempt at eeizure of power, the resulting violence is only the superstructure built. on the deep, under- lying framework of propaganda, organization and infiltration. Violence fulfills an additional and significant function in the arsenal of propaganda lures because blood, alas, always adds prestige to the cause for which it is shed, and ardor to its partisans. And while intoxicated students etorm police barriers the activists, borné on the wave of the mob, distribute their leaflets and scream their pro- Soviet slogans. Machiavelli formulated it well: ‘In any enterprise aiming at power there must be somewhere the sword; but the sword has to be handled by politics.” An estimated 200,000 professional guerrillas are supported by the Communist apparatus on & more or less permanent status, of which 80,000 are in Latin America, 20,000 in Africa, and 100,000 in Asia. The maintenance and supply of arms and propaganda received by these fighters costs about one-fifth as much as a conventional foot soldier, as established by the tacticians of the clandestine anti-Hitler resistance. Estimating the cost of the conventional soldier at $2,000 per year, the price tag on worldwide Communist guerrilla activities amounts to $80 million a year. SPECIAL SCHOOLS A distinguishing charart A distinguishing charac c of bolshevism is the wealth of s schools for the training of propagandists. The Communist Party of every country has many such schools to mold its agitators. There are six in France, including the Viroflay School and a Leninist University. The abler students are sent to Moscow or Leningrad to study in insti- tutes innocuously labeled “economic and social,” often registering under an assumed name to hide their real identity. There were trained the professional revolutionaries Mao Tse-tung, Chou En-lai, Ho Chi-minh h, and many others.* A university for Afro-Asiatic students operates st Tashkent, in Soviet Turkestan, attended by thousands of black and yellow students. The former are chiefly natives of Ghana, Guinea, Sudan, and Cam- eroon, to whom recruiters propose a 3-year program with terms in various institutes. The curriculum includes techniques of disguised ropagands and a variety of methods for investing a country. The ashkent University has become the alma mater of the Kremlin’s auxiliaries in many underdeveloped nations. Prague has to some extent supplanted Moscow, as its western setting and cultural prestige are more appealing. Here two schools operate especially for “elites” from formerly colonial countries. umnee include the present President of Guinea, Sekou Toure, the brother of Kwame N’Krumah of Ghana, and the brother of Fidel Castro of Cuba. The principal schools of espionage are also located in Prague. In the Far East, the center of special schools for propa- gandists has moved to Peiping where several hundred anticolonialist apostles and fellow travelers are turned out annually, to be sent to urma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia, and Japan. Besides the special schools, the regular universities in the Communist coun- acteristic of bolshevism is the wealth of special * Bee testimony of Leonard Patterson re Gus Hall, current General Secretary of the Communist P: USA, Feb. 2, 1900, and of Joseph Zech Kornieder, pt. 2, “Communist Threat to the United Btates Throws the Caribbean.” both before the Internal Securities Subcommittes. 30-602 O—45——-5 a ey ee eg