◆ SpookStack

Revolts in the United States , 1526-1860 (Inter-~ national Publishers, 1939). On the Reconstruc- tion Period and the era of the agrarian discontent (roughly, to 1896) a handy and well-written work is C. Vann Woodward's The Strange Career of Jim Crow (Oxford U. Press, 1955}, or see his longer, m more scholarly Origins of the New South {L.S.U. Preas, 1951). Following the c collapse of Populism disillusionment and apathy character- ized Negro political and social life. The non- . political nature of the period was symbolized — by the philosophy of Booker T. Washington. - Rayford W. Logan analyses this epoch in The Negro in American Life and Thought: The Nadir, 1877-1901, (Dial Preas, 1954). This era was quickly followed by the Niagara Movement and the found- ing of the N.A.A.C,P., by W.E.B. Dubois and others--see his Dusk | of Dawn (Harcourt, Brace 1940) or the biography by Fran Francis L. Broderick, W.E.B. DuBois: Negro Leader in a Time of Crisis (Stanford U. Press, 1959). The turn of the century marked the begin- nings of large-scale migration of Southern Negroes into Northern cities. Good background material _is to be found in the superb volume by W. J. Cash, — The Mind of the South(Knopf, 1941). The develop- ' ment of the urban political machine is discussed in Drake and Cayton's Black Metropolis (Harcourt, Brac Brace, 1945} and in Harold F. Gosnell's Negro Politicians (U. of Chicago Press, 1935)-- both are about Chicago. A different view which casts an interesting light on Rep. Adam Clayton Powell's career ia his Marching Blacks (Dial Preas, 1945). A superb analysis of the Negro's potential politi- cal power, as well as much essential information about Southern politics in general, is V.O. Keys Southern Politics in State and Nation (Knopf, 1950). 120 With urbanization came trade unionization. A. Philip Randoiph's early years are mapped out in Braileford Brazeai‘s The. Brotherhood of Sieep- ing Car Porters (Harper, r, 1946) and a more general survey is Herbert R. Northrup's Organized Labor and the Negro (Harper, 1944), a bit out-dated now. The disappointments of World War I resulted in a backiash of Negro separatism--the Garvey movement, possibly the largest movement of Negroes in this country to date. Edward D. Cronon's Black Moses (U. of Wisconsin, 1962) discusses this, and of course the more up-to-date version of this movement is covered by C. Eric Lincoln's The Ri.w = Hf _— 2 Black Muslims in America (Beacon, 1961} and E. U. Essien-Udom's Black Nationalism (Dell, 1962). The Communist Party, too, advocated a separate state for Negroes, and various turns of Party policy can be traced in Wilson Record's The Negro and the Communist Party (Un of NM. C. Press, 1951), __ The Negro's cultural contribution to this country should not be neglected in such a histori- cal survey. Of particular interest are the works of Alain Locke,’a short survey by Margaret Butcher, The Negro in American Culture (Mentor, 1957), the interesting memoir by Roi Ottley, New World A-Coming (Houghton-Mifflin, 1943), and d the some- what more specialized The Negro Novel in America (Yale U. Press, 1958) by B Robert Bone. Essential to an understanding of Negro life is a reading of the works of Richard Wright, especially his Native Son, Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man, and the essays and novels of James Baldwin, particularly Go Go Tell It On The Mountain. Also see Michael Harrington's 8 important The Other America (Penguin, 1963}. 121