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in, \ _ techniques for waging it has a monopoly of power. Power flows to those who understand what is happening. When understanding and knowledge are shared, more persons can take a responsible part in decision-making. The movement need not flounder while the leader is in jail. who believe in democracy will see that a manual, and training, help to make a movement more de- mocratic--and its participants more responsible. Another reason for this book is that many of those who are now engaged in the struggle are young. Times are very different from the early forties when a few seasoned veterans of the peace and civil rights movements experimented with direct action tactics. Today a great deal of the leadership comes from young peopie, angry with a society which preaches brotherhood and practices discrimination. Participants in sit-ins have de- scribed the struggle in moral terms: there is less Since morality strikes theory than in the thirties. deep, people can be deeply moved and very angry. Anger, like s0 many emotions, can be used con- etructively or destructively. The way indignation is channeled will depend partly on the readers of this manual. The early campaigns for civil rights were led mostly by middle class Negroes and whites: Now, more and more participants are from the working class and the unemployed. We know - from study and experience that working class people are readier to use violence than middle class people. Because of the way children are brought up, because of the values they are taught, 2 Those readers because of frustration piled on frustration, it is easier for some people to use violence in the struggle. This is another problem the reader must face, By sharing the knowledge gathered in this manual new recruits to the movement will come to a better understanding of what is happening, and to a more positive reaction to the events of the day. We have all seen people, angered by a piece of machinery which would not work, give it a kick or try to force it by brute strength. And we have seen others inspect the machine closely, find the right lever, and set it running again. This manual begins with an examination of that complicated piece of social machinery, the community, and points to some of the levers which can be used for bringing about change. But usually the levers will not be moved without organization. Education of participants is essential if the move- ment is to be democratic, and aware of its direc- tion, Preparing for direct action means choosing tactics and training in their effective use. The manual will also share what is known about non- violent defense. Arrest, court procedures, and prison, too, require preparation, The issue of how tar nonviolence should be taken, and whether armed self-defense makes sense will also be raised. Finally there are apperd..es ¥./th interest- ing reierence material recommended { « jail and other spare-time reading Your comni“nts and suggestions are very ~vch needed if future ed'tiong -re to Le better than this one is. Please send them to us.